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Bulgarian grammar is the body of rules that describe the structure of expressions in the language. Bulgarian is a South Slavic language that evolved from Old Bulgarian / Old Church Slavonic -- the written norm for the Slavic languages in the Middle ages which derived from Proto-Slavic. Bulgarian is also a part of the Balkan language area, which includes Greek, Macedonian, Romanian, Albanian and the Torlakian dialect of Serbian. It thus shares several grammatical innovations with the other southwest Balkan languages that set it apart from other Slavic languages. Among these are a sharp reduction in noun inflections -- most Bulgarian nouns and adjectives are inflected for number and gender, but have lost noun cases. Bulgarian has a suffixed definite article -- most other Slavic languages have no definite article at all -- and has lost the verb infinitive, while otherwise preserving most of the complexities of the Old Bulgarian verb conjugation system. It has further developed the proto-Slavic verb system to add verb forms to express nonwitnessed, retold, and doubtful (irrealis) actions. ==Nouns== (詳細はcategories grammatical gender, number, case (only vocative) and definiteness. A noun has one of three specific grammatical genders (masculine, feminine, neuter) and two numbers (singular and plural). The plural is formed by adding to or replacing the singular ending, most commonly in the following ways: With cardinal numbers and some adverbs, masculine nouns use a separate numerical plural form ''бройна множествена форма (broyna mnozhestvena forma)''. It is a remnant of the grammatical dual number, which disappeared from the language in the Middle Ages. The numerical form is used in the masculine whenever there is a ''precise amount'' of something, regardless of the actual number, e.g. – * ''стол'' (''stol'' "chair") → ''много столове'' (''mnogo stolove'' "many chairs", general plural) → ''два стола / десет стола'' (''dva stola / deset stola'' "two chairs / ten chairs", numerical plural). 〔See Bulgarian nouns#Count form for more details.〕〔 Definiteness is expressed by a definite article which is postfixed to the noun: When the two are combined, the plural ending comes first: 〔When a noun is accompanied by one or more modifiers and/or determiners, only the ''first'' element of the noun phrase takes the definite article suffix - e.g. ''priyatelite'' (the friends) → ''dobrite priyateli'' (the good friends) → ''moite dobri priyateli'' (my good friends).〕 | |} 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Bulgarian grammar」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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